Omega-6 / omega-3 ratio

Most of us already know that the intake of omega-6 fatty acids in the American diet has gone overboard, much at the expense of the omega-3 fraction. This occurred as a result of the misguided advice of the 1970s and 1980s to eat polyunsaturated oils like corn, sunflower, and safflower, because of their presumed cholesterol-reducing properties compared to saturated fats. However, more recent examinations of this advice have suggested that the omega-6 fraction of oils present in polyunsaturated oils may amplify arachidonic acid and other inflammatory patterns despite the reduction in cholesterol (total and LDL).

Dr. Artemis Simopoulos of the Center for Genetics, Nutrition and Health in Washington, D.C. has written extensively on the role of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids in diet.

In a review entitled The Importance of the Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio in Cadiovacular Disease and Other Chronic Disease , Dr. Simopoulos collects the following comparison of omega-6 to omega-3 ratios from various populations:


Paleolithic humans 0.79
Greece (prior to 1960) 1.00-2.00
Current Japan 4.00
Current India, rural 5-6.1
Current United Kindom and northern Europe 15.00
Current United States 16.74
Current India, urban 38-50

(The numbers refer to the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 intake.)


If we believe the observations of Dr. Loren Cordain and others, while paleolithic man died of trauma and infectious diseases, they did not die of heart disease. Paleolithic human intake of omega-3 exceeded that of omega-6.

Likewise, the traditionally low cardiac event regions of the world like Japan and Greece have less omega-3 intake than Paleolithic man, but still many times more than the U.S. and U.K.

Worst of all with an enormous preponderance of omega-6 over omega-3 are urban Indians, who experience among the highest rates of heart disease in the world.

Just for perspective, let's assume you eat an 1800 calorie per day diet, of which 30% of calories come from fat. This would amount to 540 calories per day from fat. With 9 calories per gram of fat, this means that there are 60 grams, or 60,000 mg, of fat in your diet per day.

Paleolithic man has been found to have existed on a diet consisting of 21% of calories from fats. Again assuming an 1800 calorie per day diet, that comes to 42 grams of fat per day (42,000 mg).

If we were to try to recreate the Paleolithic fat composition of diet, we would ingest 21,000 mg of omega-3 fatty acids (EPA, DHA, linolenic acid) per day. Even recreating a Japanese experience with a 4:1 ratio, it would mean 8400 mg of omega-3 per day. (Curiously, this does not agree with all estimates of Japanese intake of omega-3s.)

No matter how you look at it, cultures with lower rates of cardiovascular disease take in greater--much greater--quantities of omega-3 fatty acids.

So don't complain about your six fish oil capsules (usually containing 6000 mg of total oil, 1800 mg omega-3s)!

Comments (11) -

  • Anonymous

    8/6/2008 11:49:00 PM |

    In your example calculations you assume the entire daily intake of fat is Omega-3/6.  I was under the impression it's about 1/3 of a persons fat intake, with the rest being saturated, mono unsaturated, etc.

  • Andrew

    8/7/2008 1:34:00 AM |

    Just curious . . . you say 30% of calories from fat, but what are the other percentages?  I know you dislike wheat (as do I), so where do the carb calories come from?

  • Ross

    8/7/2008 4:21:00 AM |

    Two comments.  

    First, there's no way on this green earth that the typical paleo diet was limited to 21% of calories from fat.  They ate very few carbs and favored the fatty portions of the game animals they hunted.  The lean portions didn't have enough fat-soluble vitamins and were often fed to animals or discarded.

    Second, the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids in most of those historical diets isn't 100% of fat calories.  The fat fraction of calories includes fully saturated (FSFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA).  The ratio of Omega 6 to Omega 3 is only concerned with those two groups of PUFA in the diet.  

    Of the fraction of PUFA in the diet, some will be Omega-3, Omega-6, and Omega-9 fatty acids.  So it all depends on the fraction of fatty acids that are PUFA.  Fish oils are about 25% PUFA.  Grain-fed animal fats are 5-15% PUFA.  Grass-fed animal fats are 1-2% PUFA.  Modern vegetable oils are from 40-80% PUFA.  Tropical oils (coconut, palm) are 10-20% PUFA.

    In my paleo-modeled diet, I'm consuming 60% of my 3000 daily calories from grass-fed animal fats, so 0.6-1.2% of 2500 calories in fat weighs 2.0-4.0g.  Since grass-fed meat PUFA's are 3:1 w-6:w-3, I need to take in an extra 1000-2000mg of Omega-3's to restore a 1:1 balance between Omega-3 and Omage-6 fatty acids.

    For people with smaller fat intakes, just staying away from processed vegetable oils (replaced by foods with lower Omega-6 levels) would reduce the amount of supplemental Omega-3's needed to rebalance the PUFA intake.

  • Gyan

    8/7/2008 4:38:00 AM |

    I am an urban Indian but we do not consume any vegetable oil but only small amounts of rapeseed oil and our omega-6/omega-3 ratio must be close to 2:1.
    Urban Indians have just been brain-washed by Doctors and Advertisements for seed oils and more educated they are, more likely they to overconsume seed oils.

  • Susan

    8/7/2008 12:21:00 PM |

    Thought you might be interested in this short omega-3 video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eIgNpsbvcVM

  • Gyan

    8/8/2008 4:29:00 AM |

    What do you think of Dr Lands and his model that relates CHD mortality with %n-6
    in tissue HUFA ie AA/(EPA+DHA+AA) in tissues.

    It is at http://efaeducation.nih.gov/

  • Red Sphynx

    8/8/2008 8:00:00 PM |

    Is the ratio of short-chain ω-3 / -6 really important? (linoleic vs linolenic) Or is it just the ratio of the long-chains (arachidonic vs EPA/DHA)?

    You tell us that flax oil doesn't make much difference because the body can't efficiently lengthen its short ω-3's into EPA.  But then doesn't it follow that large amounts short ω-6 don't make much difference either?  It's the same inefficient pathway.

  • John

    10/27/2008 12:33:00 AM |

    OH, I'm not complaining..it's only human to do so though..the same way when we were kids and did everything we could to run away from mom and that spoonful of cough medicine.

    We've grown up now and chase ourselves with that spoon.. I used to take Cod liver oil though I imagine that is different.  Now I take a rather pleasant supplement by Neurovi , it's very high quality and sits well with my stomach lol.  Plus it contains just the right amount of DHA to EPA..I've tried limiting Omega 6 intake but it is sometimes difficult so hopefully I can help my body by giving it more of the "good stuff".

  • Anne

    3/1/2009 10:01:00 AM |

    The omega 3 is essential for our organism. But they too often make defect in our plate. A deficiency that can have numerous consequences on health:  cardiovascular unrests, depress, problems of vision. Zoom on the risks of a deficit in omega 3.

  • Anonymous

    3/3/2009 8:10:00 PM |

    i read ,the scientific calculation by dr david sim cardiologist and vascular ,which he proofs that we need 10 times as much omega 6 then omega 3

  • buy jeans

    11/3/2010 6:52:57 PM |

    Worst of all with an enormous preponderance of omega-6 over omega-3 are urban Indians, who experience among the highest rates of heart disease in the world.

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The Great Low-Carb Connector

The Great Low-Carb Connector

The effusive Jimmy Moore of Livin' La Vida Low-Carb asked me to help get the word out about his new podcast subscription service, The Livin' La Vida Low-Carb Show Fan Club.

Jimmy has been The Great Connector for the low-carb discussion, from his ubiquitous online and social media presence, to his annual low-carb cruise. He has also broadcast first class interviews of nutritional notables like Gary Taubes, Dr. Robert Lustig, and blogger Stephan Guyenet. His Fan Club expands listener involvement in the podcast process and, potentially, greater access to his guests:

My faithful listeners have long been asking me about how they can become even more engaged in the behind-the-scenes workings of the show to get the inside scoop about what’s coming next. I’ve heard people ask specifically for access to transcripts of the most popular podcasts, a listing of the interviews I’m currently working on with the ability to ask questions of those guests, to have sneak peek of audio from not-yet-released interviews and more. My amazing podcast producer, Kevin Kennedy-Spaein, and I have been discussing how to best do this for a while in an effort to meet the demands of our biggest fans and we think we’ve got just the answer for you. Introducing The Livin’ La Vida Low-Carb Show Fan Club!

This is for all intents and purposes the quintessential destination for people who can’t get enough of this podcast that goes much deeper than discussion about the low-carb lifestyle. Yes, I speak with a lot of people who are supporters of carbohydrate-restricted diets, but I also talk with fitness gurus, people who support alternative eating plans, those who have interesting theories and beliefs regarding health and much more. Wouldn’t you love to have a chance to know who’s coming up in my schedule to be able to ask them questions BEFORE I interview them? Keep in mind that my interviews are pre-recorded and air sometimes as much as 5-6 months afterwards. Members of the “fan club” would know all about who’s coming and likely will have their question asked on the air just for signing up to be a part of this exciting new addition to “The Livin’ La Vida Low-Carb Show.”


Jimmy is the guy who is bringing this disparate and widely-spread community together. He's the guy we all know, he knows "everybody." I'm looking forward to seeing how this new project makes a more involved, personal delivery of interaction possible.

Comments (15) -

  • Anonymous

    10/28/2010 12:54:06 PM |

    Is Jimmy still eating eggs for every meal in order to lose weight?

  • kris

    10/28/2010 2:37:00 PM |

    Dr. Davis, How true is this statement?
    "before resorting to muscle tissue, the body will burn fat. If you have no body fat, (or even very little of it), then eating carbohydrates is a good idea. If there is fat to burn, it will be burned first. Our entire body runs on sugar, but you can turn fat into sugar and sugar into fat, depending on the current needs of the body"

  • Anonymous

    10/28/2010 4:02:20 PM |

    No - he is off the eggs, but somewhere up around 282lbs.  Jimmy is indeed a great connector and does well with podcasts and interviews but his own diet - and as a consequence his weight - remains a problem.  He remains obese and as such is not a great advert for low carb.

  • Jimmy Moore

    10/28/2010 6:04:17 PM |

    THANKS for the plug for my new "Fan Club" associated with my podcast, Dr. Davis.  I certainly hope to indeed connect fans of "The Livin' La Vida Low-Carb Show" with more of the behind-the-scenes happenings to get them involved in the interview process, share transcripts of past episodes, and even let them hear sneak peak audio of not-yet-aired podcasts.  I'm excited to make this little something extra available to those who want more.

    As for the the anonymous criticism about my weight, yes I weigh more than I would like to at this moment.  This is not a secret and I've been quite candid about this publicly because there are many who face the same frustrations of doing everything right and yet seeing very little progress on the scale.  While I'm seeking to rectify those issues by lowering my calories to 1800/daily and engaging in regular exercise, the fact remains my health is immaculate.

    High HDL, low triglycerides, low percentage of Small LDL particles, stable blood sugar, normal blood pressure, a heart scan score of ZERO, abundant energy and so much more.  While the focus tends to be on weight as the key measurement in someone being healthy, I think that's as shortsighted as telling someone a low-fat, high-carb diet is the only way to lose weight and be healthy.  Again, I'd like to weigh less than I do now but it's difficult to argue that the way I'm eating isn't making me healthier than when I weighed 400+ pounds in 2004 on three prescription medications.

  • Jamie Scott

    10/29/2010 12:17:43 AM |

    Re: Jimmy's weight - it's Jimmy's business!  The guy does a massive amount of work, as highlighted by Dr Davis' post, promoting the many and varied strains of low carb eating, and he does so because he has first-hand experience of the benefits of doing so.  Sure HE might not want to be where HE wants to be with HIS weight, but it isn't like he is ht eonly guy pushing the low carb mantra and peddling snack oil is it?

    Jimmy, I'd have no doubt you could get to where you wanted to be (or closer to it at least), if you gave up on the stuff that you do.  But the rest of us would be poorer for it.  A run a very small and very much part-time blog in this field and if I put in the amount of time Jimmy does with all his work, I doubt I would be able to maintain the other aspects of my life that I enjoy so much.  It is a sacrifice Jimmy makes.

    One last thing, and Jimmy may disagree with me on this... At one point in time, Jimmy's lifestyle lead him down the obesity pathway.  One aspect of this, and one that I try to promote in my line of work, is if you go down that road, there is no guarantee you can come back out of it.  Things like the consumption of industrial seed oils can lead to fat cell hypertrophy & hyperplasia... size AND number of fat cells increase.  Stay in this state long enough, and there is high chance you will never fully undo the damage done.  You can certainly imporve your health biomarkers as Jimmy has obviously done.  But you might not necessarily be able to return to an ultrathin body, no matter how much you desire it.  There is a degree of ingorance from people who just automatically assume that because one is eating low carb, they should look like a Crossfitter all the time and failure to do so means that low carbing is a failure also.

  • Jimmy Moore

    10/29/2010 2:16:34 AM |

    Well said Jamie!  I totally agree.

  • Lori Miller

    10/29/2010 4:29:01 AM |

    Nothing measures up when compared to perfection. It's better to compare real-life choices and their likely consequences whenever possible.

    If someone was 400+ pounds and on medications on their old diet, and 120 pounds lighter, energetic and off the medications on a different diet, the different diet must have some benefits. I prefer to think in terms of progress, not perfection.

  • Susan

    10/29/2010 5:24:31 AM |

    Jimmy, Jamie and Lori


    AMEN !!!!


    Sue

  • Dr. William Davis

    10/29/2010 12:01:08 PM |

    I know Jimmy personally and he is a sincere, hard-working nice guy.

    We are all learning new lessons in nutrition and how to manage diet, navigating all the landmines in the commercial food that we are sold.

    Jimmy's unquestioned role in this has been to facilitate the discussion, bringing differing viewpoints from interesting people like Gary Taubes and Jeff Volek.

    Personally, I am grateful that we have someone like Jimmy Moore who acts as amiable host to our discussions.

  • ben

    10/29/2010 1:20:41 PM |

    i love Jimmy's podcasts. In fact i subscribe via itunes. He never fails to have intelligent guests. Especially in the last year or two he has had many paleo people which is great. I like to see the focus on good-health-all-around entering into his lowcarb world, rather than the sole goal of weightloss that i feel many atkinsers etc have. Anyway, he's doing a great job. and he has been for quite some time now. His weight? Who cares. Jimmy, dont sweat it! you've lost all that, your health numbers look great and you are leading a life that benefits many. I think you can be satisfied.

  • Anonymous

    10/29/2010 6:20:42 PM |

    Train wreck/drama queen. Needs to lift free weights or join a cross fit gym…quit making excuses..

  • Anonymous

    10/30/2010 1:22:10 AM |

    "Train wreck/drama queen...quit making excuses..."

    You got that right!

  • Anonymous

    10/30/2010 4:28:00 PM |

    Thank you so much Jimmy for the help you provide to all of us.
    I am an uruguayan and follow your podcast from Uruguay LA.
    Thanks again.
    Jose.

  • Anonymous

    10/30/2010 9:37:25 PM |

    If not for Jimmy Moore I would never have heard of Dr Davis, Mark Sisson, Stephan Guyenet, Robb Wolf, Dr Briffa, Fred Hahn and so many others.  I would never in a million years have thought to include strength training in my lifestyle.  I wouldn't have learned about the impact of sleep on health and mood.  Without the information Jimmy Moore brought into my life, I'd still be Vitamin D deficient, undermuscled, underslept and unhealthy.  Instead I've grown strength and muscle, ditched lifelong allergies and have had only one cold in the last three years.  (I work in healthcare and get coughed/sneezed upon constantly, so this is no insignificant fact.)

    Jimmy is humble, funny, candid and generous.  Sure, we'd all like to include "stunning physique" in our list of personal qualities, but some of us just have to be satisfied with excellent health and an ongoing commitment to pursue optimal body composition.

    For me, Jimmy Moore is a treasure.

  • e4e

    11/1/2010 6:16:54 PM |

    Kudos to Jimmy for all his good work. I completely agree with Jamie above.

    Anonymous trolls, just go away, or at least show a little spine and put your name.

    Tony K

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