ERA JUMP: Omega-3 fatty acids and plaque


The results of the uniquely-constructed ERA JUMP Study were just released, a fascinating study of the relationship of omega-3 fatty acids to coronary and carotid plaque.

The study adds insight into why the Japanese experience only one third of the heart attacks of Americans, and why Japan occupies the bottom of the list for least heart attacks among all developed countries.

The Electron-Beam Tomography, Risk Factor Assessment Among Japanese and U.S. Men in the Post-World War II Birth Cohort Study (ERA JUMP), a collaborative U.S.-Japanese effort, compared three groups of men:

-- 281 Japanese men living in Japan
-- 306 non-Japanese men living in the U.S. (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)
-- 303 Japanese Americans (having both parents Japanese without “ethnic admixture”) living in Hawaii.

The last group represents a group that is genetically similar to the group in Japan, but exposed to an American diet and lifestyle.

Three main measures were compared:

-- Blood levels of omega-3 fatty acids, EPA and DHA)
-- Carotid intimal-medial thickness (CIMT, the thickness of the carotid artery lining that can serve as an index of body-wide atherosclerosis)
-- Coronary calcium (heart scan) scores.

Interestingly, at the start of the study, the Japanese men possessed an overall cardiovascular risk profile worse than the Americans: Though more slender (BMI 23.6), Japanese men were more likely to be smokers, alcohol drinkers, had more high blood pressure, and were less likely to take cholesterol medications. The Americans, conversely, although heavier (BMI 27.9), were less likely to be smokers and drinkers, and had a four-fold greater use of cholesterol medications.

The Japanese Americans were the most likely to be hypertensive, diabetic, with a similar proportion of overweight as the non-Japanese Americans.

Despite the overall greater heart disease risk for profile for Japanese men, compared to non-Japanese Americans they had 10% less CIMT. In addition, only 9.3% of Japanese men had abnormal coronary calcium scores vs. 26.1% of non-Japanese Americans. Japanese-Americans were the worst, however, with nearly 10% more CIMT than non-Japanese Americans and 31.4% with abnormal calcium scores.

The most intriguing finding of all was the fact that, of all the various groups and degrees of atherosclerosis, whether gauged via CIMT or coronary calcium scores, the blood level of omega-3 fatty acids was inversely related, i.e., the greater the omega-3 blood level, the less plaque by either measure was detected.

Japanese men had the highest omega-3 blood levels: twice that of the non-Japanese Americans. The Japanese-Americans had levels only slightly greater than non-Japanese Americans.

While other studies, like the GISSI Prevenzione study, have persuasively demonstrated that omega-3 fatty acids substantially reduce heart attack, a weak link in the omega-3 argument has been a study that links greater omega-3 intake with less atherosclerosis. The unique construction of the ERA JUMP Study, employing two groups with sharply different omega-3 intakes, very powerfully argues for the plaque-inhibiting effects of this fraction of fats.

How much omega-3 fatty acids do Japanese people eat? Estimates vary, depending on part of the country, coastal vs. inland, age, etc., but Japanese tend to ingest anywhere from 5 to 15-times more omega-3 fatty acids than Americans. The actual intake of omega-3 fatty acids (EPA +DHA) in Japanese ranges from 850 to 3100 mg per day.

Comments (5) -

  • Jenny

    8/1/2008 12:41:00 AM |

    Thanks for pointing this out.

    But I cannot help but wonder about what these Japanese men got if they did NOT get heart disease.

    It was my impression that the rate of stomach cancer was higher in Japan than anywhere else in the world.

    I also know that the Honolulu study found a much higher rate of dementia in men who ate traditional diets high in tofu.

    Finally, and most concerning, I personally know two people who ate "healthy" diets high in fish only to came down with mercury poisoning bad enough that they had to undergo chelation therapy. (These were people whose mainstream doctors sent them for the therapy, not adherents of alternative medicine.)

    Having observed what happens to people who do not get heart disease but do live long enough to develop both cancer and dementia, and having concluded that heart disease is much to be preferred, I'm not entirely sure that we should rush to eat the Japanese diet.

    We are all going to die of something. I would much prefer a swift heart attack to a decade of cancer and dementia.

  • TedHutchinson

    8/1/2008 8:45:00 AM |

    Dr Cannell says at http://www.vitamindcouncil.org/health/autism/vit-D-and-brain.shtml#hd4 "activated vitamin D lessens heavy metal induced oxidative injuries in rat brain. The primary route for brain toxicity of most heavy metals is through depletion of glutathione. Besides its function as a master antioxidant, glutathione acts as a chelating (binding) agent to remove heavy metals, like mercury."

    It may be that, as well as keeping your vitamin D3 status optimal, using molecullarly distilled fish oil or krill avoids the pollution problems?

  • Peter

    8/1/2008 2:52:00 PM |

    I wonder how eating fish compares to drinking fish oil.

  • carolina1954

    8/2/2008 4:57:00 AM |

    I must demur from some of Jenny's comments.

    First,  I do not believe that the overall effect of the Japanese diet is to trade heart disease for cancer, as she seems to imply.   E.g., the Japanese, despite smoking multiples more than Americans, have a rate of lung cancer less than half ours.

    Second, although it is true that eating a lot of certain species of fish, such as shark, swordfish, and large tuna, creates a risk of mercury poisoning, other species, such as salmon, have very low levels of mercury and may be eaten virtually ad libitum.

    Third, dying from heart attack, or its evil twin stroke, is not necessarily "swift".  If a heart attack interrupts blood flow for a few minutes, it causes massive brain damage but not necessarily death.  It can also cause terminal congestive heart failure, which is also not my idea of going "gentle into that good night."

  • Rich Lee

    8/14/2008 6:39:00 PM |

    Which fish oil brand is recommended?

Loading
Orlistat for weight loss

Orlistat for weight loss

In early February, the FDA approved orlistat, formerly known as prescription Xenical, for over-the-counter sale. Orlistat is a blocker of fat absorption.

The new OTC version will be called "Alli" (pronounced like "ally") and will come at a dose of 60 mg to be taken three times a day with meals. Prescription Xenical came as a 120 mg tablet. However, the company claims that the reduced dose sacrifices only 5% in reduced fat absorption, dropping from 30% with Xenical to 25% with Alli. It will cost in the neighborhood of $1 to $2 per day, or $30-60 per month, far less expensive than the $110-150 for the prescription form.

Does it work? Is it worth the money? Clinical trials document around 5-10 lbs lost over a 3 to 6 month period, 50% greater than using diet and exercise alone.

Our experience is that it works, though inconsistently. Results depend heavily on how reliant you are on fat calories. If you were to follow a low-fat diet while on the drug, you likely will lose little or no weight, since there's little fat absorption to block. However, I have witnessed more substantial weight loss of 10-20 lbs. in people who follow a higher fat intake in their diet, e.g., a traditional American diet. However, these people gain the weight back immediately because they've made no effort to modify food choices.

It is messy. Even though the clinical trials claims modest inconvenient effects like gas and greasy stools, I have found that it is, without fail, a very annoying product that results in crampiness and frequent messy stools in nearly everybody.

The company has created a glitzy website that you can view at www.myalli.com and promises to provide a personalized program and support for registrants when it is up and running by summer 2007.
I think that's a good idea, since the drug itself is no more than a temporary fix unless it's combined with long-term diet changes. However, the website, I believe, oversells the value of the drug with a drug company's usual over-the-top hints and innuendoes without actually coming out with straight pitches of the truth.

Beware of the vitamin D-blocking effect of Orlistat. The period of time you take it may be a time to resort to some modest sun exposure (10-15 minutes; be careful not to burn), rather than than oil-based vitamin D capsules, in order to avoid the inevitable vitamin D plunge in blood level.

I am not a fan of orlistat, having seen it tried many times with minimal success. However, it is another option for those who are really struggling. Personally, I would try fasting or some of the other strategies we've detailed on the www.cureality.com website before I resorted to orlistat.

Comments (3) -

  • Cindy

    3/19/2007 12:15:00 AM |

    Because of the side effects, which I understand are worse with higher fat intake, I think the best use of this is following a low fat diet. It will keep you on the diet! Maybe with Ornish levels (which I do NOT believe is healthy) of fat intake the side effects will be minor.

  • Anonymous

    3/19/2007 6:43:00 PM |

    I learned alot about the product when I visited the manufacturer's site....

    http://www.myalli.com

    From what I read, the side effects are preventable if you stick to a reduced calorie low fat diet.  I think I will give it a try.

  • xenical

    4/6/2009 11:36:00 PM |

    Medicines we take these days are mostly prescribed over the counter. Which is preferably good on my part. But, what about medicines sold on the streets? Whether legal or not, companies are losing quite a bit of money. And who is who to say that anything let alone can be sold on the streets without the proper consent of the manufacturers, not that they would allow it, but still. Regardless how effective the drug or not, even now a days health care should most definitely be a necessity since without it you might end up paying 8 times the price. I think no matter what medicine people are prescribed, everybody should make it a priority in their lives to obtain some sort of health care.

Loading
Drive-by angioplasty

Drive-by angioplasty

Don had an angioplasty 6 months ago. When asked about the symptoms that prompted him to go to the hospital, he explained:

"I remember feeling really tired for about a week before I went. I'd read that fatigue can sometimes be a sign of heart disease. But then I had some trouble breathing. You know, like not being able to get a deep breath."

"My wife and I were planning on going on vacation. So I wanted to be certain something wasn't going on in my heart. That's when my wife insisted that she take me to the hospital.

"I kind of remember going there and arriving in the emergency room, but then I don't remember anything. Next thing I know, I'm waking up in a hospital bed. My wife and kids were there, looking all concerned. They said that I just got two stents and that the doctor just barely saved my life."

Happy story, happy ending? Not quite.

I reviewed the angiograms made during Don's hospital stay. They did, indeed, show some plaque, but not anywhere close to the amount necessary to account for symptoms like fatigue or breathlessness. For symptoms like this to occur without physical exertion, say, at your desk or relaxing at home, a critical >90% blockage would be required.

The worst "blockage" Don had was 50% at most. The leap was made to connect his relatively vague symptoms with these "blockages," leading to the implantation of two stents.

This is not as uncommon as you think. Yes, the practice of cardiology can be a life of acute procedures, urgent situations, and crises. Unfortunately, some people with questionable need for these procedures also get swept up in the wave. Sometimes it's due simply to the doctor's need to do "something," nervous family waiting in the wings. Sometiems it's intellectual laziness: putting in two stents seems to satisfy many patients' needs to have something "fixed," even when symptoms like fatigue could be due to anemia, sleep deprivation, a thyroid disorder, or any other myriad conditions that require a diagnostic effort (otherwise known as thinking). And sometimes it's simply done with financial motives, since angiplasty and related procedures pay well.

I call this "drive-by angioplasty," the impulsive, poorly considered coronary procedure that really should never have happened. How often does this happen? What percentage of heart procedures fall into this category? There are no clear-cut estimates. There are crude attempts by independent agencies that have put the number of unnecessary heart catheterizations up to 20% of the total number performed. The proportion of angioplasty procedures, stents, etc. that are not necessary is a tougher number to pinpoint, given the uncertainties surrounding the indications for these procedures, physician judgment that factors into the decision-making process, and the fact that many decisions are made on a qualitative basis, not precise quantification.

In real life, I would put the proportion of flagrant drive-by procedures at no more than 10%. However, that is 10% of an enormous number. The annual cardiovascular healthcare bill is $400 billion. 10% of that is $40 billion--an unimaginable sum. It also adds up to tens of thousands of people per year needlessly subjected to procedures. Consider that 10,000 heart procedures were performed today alone.

Should we push for legislation to control how and when heart procedures are performed? I don't think so. Despite my criticisms of the status quo in heart care, I still favor the freedom and rapid development of a free-market approach. However, you as a healthcare consumer need to be armed with information. You don't go to the car dealer unarmed with information on prices and comparative performance of the car you want. You should do the same with health. Information is your weapon, your defense against becoming the victim of the next drive-by heart procedure.

Comments (7) -

  • Anonymous

    1/27/2008 11:49:00 AM |

    You've mentioned before about the medical communities bias toward procedural medicine. If hospitals were to change their position and embrace a preventive bias for heart disease treatment, (early detection, and then addressing with appropriate supplements, drugs, and diet.) any ideas on how much savings for the nation could be had?

  • Dr. Davis

    1/27/2008 2:00:00 PM |

    Our analysis suggests $634 million per 100,000 people would be saved if they were to engage in a simple program of prevention using heart scans.

    Our analysis and rationale can be found at http://trackyourplaque.com/library/fl_hh005bankrupt.asp.

  • Rich

    1/27/2008 10:01:00 PM |

    Dr. Davis: I fully agree that legislation is not the answer to this unfortunate practice. I favor freedom for physicians, and an informed public. Government regulation can and will ruin the practice of health care and incentives for new medical techniques and approaches. For those who think the government can be helpful, take a look at Medicare.

  • Anonymous

    1/27/2008 11:02:00 PM |

    I had a “drive-by” angioplasty done in 1999 and a “drive-by” angiogram done in 2000 by the same cardiologist. He told me that I had 90% blockage on one of my main arteries after he performed the first angioplasty. Few years later, a neurologist told me that I actually suffered from panic attacks, not heart attacks. I always wonder how an experienced cardiologist could mistake a panic attack as a heart attack, not once but twice.

  • Dr. Davis

    1/28/2008 1:43:00 PM |

    "To a man with a hammer, everything looks like a nail."

    It holds true in medicine, unfortunately. Especially when each swing of the hammer pays thousands of dollars.

  • Warren

    1/29/2008 2:32:00 PM |

    I have often thought that one underlying force that drives this phenomenon might be the fear of lawsuits.  Being a lawyer, I hate to bash the legal profession, but I know that once the person is on the cath table and any blockage is found that some interventional cardiologist somewhere might choose to stent, some doctors may feel the need to practice defensive medicine.  Even before they get to the cath table this is probably an influence.  In other words, say this patient died of a heart attack soon after this hospital visit (which as we all know, could happen even if the symptoms were unrelated to his plaque burden).  If the hospital had not done the procedure (especially since they have an entire crew of people sitting around all day long just waiting to do these), it's possible that some other intervention-oriented cardiologist might be found who would testify that the standard of care these days is to do the angiogram, and that had this been done, it's quite possible, even likely, that the blockage could have been opened up and death avoided.  (Even though we know that this is speculative and depends on how close to this visit the heart attack occurs, as far as the likelihood that this might be a life-saving procedure.)  The further out the heart attack occurs, the less compelling the causation argument.  But I gotta believe that there is defensive medicine being practiced in some of these situations.  And the trouble is, it's the very state of the treatment attitude that contributes to this result, i.e., the fact that unexpected heart attacks are as common as they are, and the proliferation and ready availability of cath labs, so that they are viewed as routinely available.

  • Dr. Davis

    1/29/2008 2:59:00 PM |

    Hi, Warren-

    Yes. I agree absolutely.

    In fact, I believe this is exceptionally common. So common that it's become acceptable standard of care.

    Often the appearance of doing something is better than the appeareance of doing nothing, regardless of how ineffective the treatment is.

Loading